What Are Simple Interest Mortgages?
January 5, 2004, Revised July 16, 2004, April 15, 2005, November
27, 2006, April 29, 2008
"What are the benefits/drawbacks of a simple interest loan versus a traditional mortgage? Which would you take if offered the choice?"
If two loans are exactly the same but one is simple interest, I would take the traditional mortgage. You will pay more interest on the simple interest mortgage unless you systematically make your monthly payment before the due date.
The major difference between a standard mortgage and a simple interest mortgage is that interest is calculated monthly on the first and daily on the second.
Consider a 30-year loan for $100,000 with a rate of 6%. The monthly payment would be $599.56 for both the standard and simple interest mortgages. The interest due is calculated differently, however.
On the standard mortgage, the 6% is divided by 12, converting it to a monthly rate of .5%. The monthly rate is multiplied by the loan balance at the end of the preceding month to obtain the interest due for the month. In the first month, it is $500.
On the simple interest version, the annual rate of 6% is divided by 365, converting it to a daily rate of .016438%. The daily rate is multiplied by the loan balance to obtain the interest due for the day. The first day and each day thereafter until the first payment is made, it is $16.44.
[Note: On many commercial mortgages, the annual rate is divided by 360 instead of 365, making the daily rate a little larger.]
The $16.44 is recorded in a special accrual account, which increases by that amount every day. No interest accrues on this account, which is why it is called "simple interest". See The Nomenclature of Simple Interest Mortgages, or Mortgage Concepts Homebuyers Should Know.
When a payment is received on a simple interest mortgage, it is applied first to the accrual account, and what is left over is used to reduce the balance. When the balance declines, a new and smaller daily interest charge is calculated.
How does this work out for the borrower? We know that a standard 30-year mortgage pays off in 30 years. Beginning January 1, 2004, this amounts to 10,958 days. On a loan of $100,000 and an interest rate of 6%, total interest payments amount to $115,832.
On the simple interest version of the same mortgage, assuming you pay on the first day of every month, you pay off in 10,990 days, or 41 days later than with the standard mortgage. Total interest payments are $116,167 or $335 more.
These are small differences, due largely to leap years. Over the 30 years beginning 2004, there are 8 years with 366 days, and the lender collects interest for those days. Leap years do not affect total interest payments on a standard mortgage.
The disadvantage of a simple interest mortgage rises with the interest rate. At 12%, and continuing to assume payment on the first day of every month, it pays off in 11,049 days or 91 days later than the standard mortgage. Total interest is $3082 higher.
But the borrowers who really get clobbered by the simple interest mortgage are those who pay late. The standard mortgage has a grace period within which borrowers can pay without penalty. On a simple interest mortgage, in contrast, borrowers pay interest for every day they are late.
Suppose the borrower pays on the 10th day of every month, for example. With a standard mortgage, he gets a free ride because of the grace period. With a simple interest mortgage at 6%, he pays off 101 days later than the standard mortgage and pays $1328 more interest. At 12%, he pays off 466 days later and pays $15,137 more interest.
Penalties for payment after the grace period work the same way on both types of mortgage. For this reason, I have not included penalties in the calculations.
Borrowers making extra payments also do better with a standard mortgage. A borrower who includes an extra $1,000 in his regular monthly payment, for example, will save the interest on that $1,000 for each day the payment is late, provided it is within the grace period. With a simple interest mortgage, in contrast, interest accrues for those days.
The only transaction that works out better for the borrower with a simple interest mortgage is monthly payments made early. If every month you pay 10 days before the payment is due, for example, you pay off 40 days sooner than the standard mortgage at 6%, and 254 days earlier at 12%. There is no benefit to early payment on a standard mortgage, since it is credited on the due date, just like a payment that is received 10 days late.
Bottom line: other things the same, take the standard mortgage. But if you are stuck with a simple interest mortgage, make it a habit to pay early; it will pay big dividends.
Note: Simple interest biweekly mortgages raise other issues. See Simple Interest on a Biweekly.
"What are the benefits/drawbacks of a simple interest loan versus a traditional mortgage? Which would you take if offered the choice?"
If two loans are exactly the same but one is simple interest, I would take the traditional mortgage. You will pay more interest on the simple interest mortgage unless you systematically make your monthly payment before the due date.
Calculating Interest on a Simple Interest Mortgage
The major difference between a standard mortgage and a simple interest mortgage is that interest is calculated monthly on the first and daily on the second.
Consider a 30-year loan for $100,000 with a rate of 6%. The monthly payment would be $599.56 for both the standard and simple interest mortgages. The interest due is calculated differently, however.
On the standard mortgage, the 6% is divided by 12, converting it to a monthly rate of .5%. The monthly rate is multiplied by the loan balance at the end of the preceding month to obtain the interest due for the month. In the first month, it is $500.
On the simple interest version, the annual rate of 6% is divided by 365, converting it to a daily rate of .016438%. The daily rate is multiplied by the loan balance to obtain the interest due for the day. The first day and each day thereafter until the first payment is made, it is $16.44.
[Note: On many commercial mortgages, the annual rate is divided by 360 instead of 365, making the daily rate a little larger.]
The $16.44 is recorded in a special accrual account, which increases by that amount every day. No interest accrues on this account, which is why it is called "simple interest". See The Nomenclature of Simple Interest Mortgages, or Mortgage Concepts Homebuyers Should Know.
When a payment is received on a simple interest mortgage, it is applied first to the accrual account, and what is left over is used to reduce the balance. When the balance declines, a new and smaller daily interest charge is calculated.
Total Interest Payments on a Simple Interest Mortgage
How does this work out for the borrower? We know that a standard 30-year mortgage pays off in 30 years. Beginning January 1, 2004, this amounts to 10,958 days. On a loan of $100,000 and an interest rate of 6%, total interest payments amount to $115,832.
On the simple interest version of the same mortgage, assuming you pay on the first day of every month, you pay off in 10,990 days, or 41 days later than with the standard mortgage. Total interest payments are $116,167 or $335 more.
These are small differences, due largely to leap years. Over the 30 years beginning 2004, there are 8 years with 366 days, and the lender collects interest for those days. Leap years do not affect total interest payments on a standard mortgage.
The disadvantage of a simple interest mortgage rises with the interest rate. At 12%, and continuing to assume payment on the first day of every month, it pays off in 11,049 days or 91 days later than the standard mortgage. Total interest is $3082 higher.
Total Interest When Payments Are Late
But the borrowers who really get clobbered by the simple interest mortgage are those who pay late. The standard mortgage has a grace period within which borrowers can pay without penalty. On a simple interest mortgage, in contrast, borrowers pay interest for every day they are late.
Suppose the borrower pays on the 10th day of every month, for example. With a standard mortgage, he gets a free ride because of the grace period. With a simple interest mortgage at 6%, he pays off 101 days later than the standard mortgage and pays $1328 more interest. At 12%, he pays off 466 days later and pays $15,137 more interest.
Penalties for payment after the grace period work the same way on both types of mortgage. For this reason, I have not included penalties in the calculations.
Borrowers making extra payments also do better with a standard mortgage. A borrower who includes an extra $1,000 in his regular monthly payment, for example, will save the interest on that $1,000 for each day the payment is late, provided it is within the grace period. With a simple interest mortgage, in contrast, interest accrues for those days.
Making Payments Early
The only transaction that works out better for the borrower with a simple interest mortgage is monthly payments made early. If every month you pay 10 days before the payment is due, for example, you pay off 40 days sooner than the standard mortgage at 6%, and 254 days earlier at 12%. There is no benefit to early payment on a standard mortgage, since it is credited on the due date, just like a payment that is received 10 days late.
Bottom line: other things the same, take the standard mortgage. But if you are stuck with a simple interest mortgage, make it a habit to pay early; it will pay big dividends.
Note: Simple interest biweekly mortgages raise other issues. See Simple Interest on a Biweekly.
Days to Payoff and Total Interest Payments on a Standard Mortgage and Simple Interest Mortgage of $100,000 for 30Years Beginning January 1, 2004
| Standard Mortgage, Payment Within Grace Period | Simple Interest Mortgage | |||
| Payment 10 Days Early | Payment on First Day of Month | Payment 10 Days Late | ||
| Days to Payoff | ||||
| 6% Loan | 10,958 | 10,918 | 10,990 | 11,059 |
| 12% Loan | 10,958 | 10,704 | 11,049 | 11,424 |
| Total Interest | ||||
| 6% Loan | $115,832 | $115,180 | $116,167 | $117,160 |
| 12% Loan | $270,277 | $261,889 | $273,359 | $285,414 |